Hollow wall construction and building block



April 20 1926.

F. HEATH ET AL HOLLOW WALL CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING BLOCK Filed August15, 1921 9 Sheets-Sheet 1 ATTORNEYS F. H EATH El AL HOLLOW WALLCONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING BLOCK April 20 1926. 1,581,574

Filed August 15, 1921 9 Sheets-Sheet 2 7 April 20, 1926. 1,581,574

F. HEATH ET AL HOLLOW WALL CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING BLOCK Filed August15, 1921 9 SheetsSheet 5 April 20 1926. V 1,581,574 F. HEATH ET ALHOLLOW WALL CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING BLOCK Filed August' 15, 1921 9Sheets-Sheet 4 April 20 Q1926. 1,581,574

F. HEATH ET AL HOLLOW WALL CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING BLOCK Filed August15. 1921 9 sh'eets sheet 5 JEVFILNZO F. HEATH ET AL HOLLOW WALLCONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING BLOCK Filed AuguStlS, 1921 April 20 1926.

8 M M ir 431254 l Ba/lalwm April 20 1926.

F. HEATH ET AL HOLLOW WALL CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING BLOCK Filed August15, 1921 9 Sheets-Sheet 9 Patented Apr. 20, 1926.

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FREDERICK HEATH, 0F TACOMA, AND FREDERICK "1. HEATH, (DP SEATTLE,WASHINGTON.

HOLLOW WALL CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING BLOCK.

Application filed August 15,1921. Serial No. 492,383.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that we, FREDERICK HEATH and FREDERICK T. HEATH, citizens ofthe United States, residing at Tacoma, Washington, and Seattle,Washington, respectively, in the counties of Pierce and King,respectively, have invented a certain new and useful Improvement inHollow Wall Construction and Building Blocks, of which the following isa full, clear, and exact description, reference being had to theaccompanying drawings.

This invention relates to a system of wall construction and includes ahollow building block or tile having certain characteristics whereby itis simple and economical to manufacture and use in wall construction,and which is capable of being divided into component parts for differentparts of the wall structure and for different thicknesses of walls.

In the construction of hollow building walls, certain characteristicsare desirable or essential, among them are the convenience of varyingthicknesses of the wall, simplicity of arrangement, uniform horizontalcourses and horizontal mortar beds the full area of each course toreceive the next course.

-The bonding of all the blocks in one course with the blocks of thecourses above and below is essential and in the case of outside walls,party walls and other load bearing walls, it is necessary that the loadbearing members of the hollow blocks comprisingthe wall (that is thewebs and the shells of the individual blocks) should develop the fullstrength of the mortar bed.- This we accomplish by so arranging theblocks that go into the walls that, regardless of thickness or, positionof the blocks when in their places in the walls, the webs and shellsform vertical load bearing members and are in true alignment with thewebs and shells in the courses abo e and below.

In addition to these desirable characteristics and requirements, arethose of the simplieity of the finished construction from the standpointof the design of the wall struc ture by the engineer or architect,convenience and economy of manufacture of the elements or units, thesimplicity of assembling-the complete a proper wall structure having allcharacteristics of bonding, full mortar beds and load carrying alignmentof webs and shells throughout the Wall, that is, in the corners, jambs,reveals, oft-sets, chases, etc., as well as in the main body of thewall.

'It is the belief of the present inventors, based on wide experience andobservation of all forms of hollow wall constructions, that the idealwall construction should have all of the above named advantages andshould be built of a hollow unit divisible into sec-.

tions and of which walls, varying in thickness by progressive steps of asmall unit of measure, may be conveniently constructed. It is thereforea fundamental principle of the present invention that such a unit in thenature of a hollow building block should have webs and shells of' suchsize and strength as to have the minimum weight while developing thefull strength of the mortar bed; and should be a composite of vuniformhollow elements integrally connected.

A practical blockwhen comprised of a cluster of hollow tubular memberspreferably square in cross-section and integrally joined together andseparated by narrow voids, which narrow voids correspond in size to thethickness of an ordinary vertical mortar joint; the block having athickness of two of such square tubular elements, plus the narrow void;and a width of three of such elements plus the thicknes of two suchintervening narrow voids; and a normal lengthhof four times thedimension of the element plus half the thickness of'the three narrowvoids.

To further illustrate, a practical embodi ment of such a block may bebased on the unit of a hollow three inch cube, and the block is twicethe thicknessof the cube, three times the width of the cube and a lengthtwo or four times the cube. The-size of.this unit cube as mentioned isdetermined on the basis of a fraction of a foot for the convenience ofthe designer or architect, and the thickness of the wall may therebyprogressively be increased by this fraction. The distance betweenopenings, corners, reveals, etc. may come in equal "multiples of suchfraction of a foot, and since space must be allowed for mortar, both inthe end of the bed at the ends of the blocks, and between blocks, thisthickness is subtracted from each dimension of the elements of thecomposite block.

In practice a convenient block would be known as a (3 x 9 x 12 inchblock. Since the space equivalent to the thickness ,of mortar joints(usually inch) must be subtracted from each dimension, the actualdimensions of the block would be x 8 ,1 x 11 inches.

A further example of a practical adaptation of this unit block would. bea design based on a unit cube of 4 inches. A block of these idealproportions would then be known as an 8 x 12 X 16 inch block, the sizeof the unit cube being the highest common factor of the dimensions ofthe block.

It is the further object of such a block to so'design it that it willdevelop its full strength in any part of the wall as a complete unit andyet be readily divisible into sections including one, two or more of theelements thereof, each being adapted to fit into the wall structure in arelationship such as to conform to requirements of bonding, horizontalmortar beds and yertieal aligmnent of webs and shells. l

The present invention also contemplates the simple and yet novel methodof construction of hollow walls and parts thereof, particularly'of aload bearing nature, using the block and divisions thereof as abovedescribed.

The above features, objects and characteristics and other novel featuresof our invention will become more apparent in the following descriptionwhich relates to the drawings and the essential characteristics of ourinvention are hereinafter summarized in the claims.

In the drawings, Fig. 1 is an end elevation of our composite buildingblock; Fig. 2 is a side elevation of the same showing one corner brokenaway; Fig. 3 shows the block divided into two of its component partsillustrating the manner of separating it in to sections; Fig. 4 shows aunit of length divided in another manner; Fig. 5 is a perspective ofseveral courses of a wall possessing various characteristics of thepresent invention; the uppermost courses being raised for clearness ofillustration, the other parts being broken away to illustrate certainfeatures; Fig. 6 is a similar view to illustrate a wall of the nextgreater thickness; Fig. 7 is a similar view illustrating a wall of stillgreater thickness by one element; Fig. 8 is a similar view showin a wallequivalent to the thickness of two full width blocks; Fig. 9 illustratesin detail a.

pilaster construction similar to those in Figs. 5 to 8 inclusive; Figs.10 and 11 illustrate pilaster constructions of still greater width;Figs. 12, 13 and 14 show pilaster constructions including both verticaland horizontal blocks; Fig. 15 is a perspective of a pilasterconstruction having vertical voids in which greater load bearing characteristics are provided by fillers; Fig. 16 is a sectional detail ofthis construction. Fig. 17 illustrates one of the fillers. Fig. 18 1s aperspective of the wall and pilaster construction reenforced by steelrods. Fig. 19 illustrates a beam or lintel construction in perspective.Fig. 20 illustrates another form of lintel construction of greaterthickness. Figs. 21 and 22 are plans of wide lintels.

Referring to Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4, our composite block consists of acluster of hollow, square tube members which surround the void 2 and arearranged in pairs. The walls of each element align with correspondingwalls integrally connected whereby the unit block has a series of websand shells as shown. Between the square sections are narrower voids 3 ineffect dividing the block in three sections in one direction of twoelements each, while in the other direction, voids 5, divide the blockinto two sections of three elements each; while in line with the voids 3and 5 are small circular voids lto facilitate breaking. This block isdivisible into sections beginning with a single element as at A, in Fig.4: or elements B across the block in one direction as shown in Fi 3 orin the other direction at B, as in Fig. 4. If B is removed at the sideof the block, it leaves the four unit sections C, Fig. 3; If the blockis split in the other direction, two threeelement sections are obtainedwhich may be subdivided; the three-element sections being designated D.

As above described, the block is designed to be built on a convenientunit of measure. Applying the dimensions given to Fig. 1; from thecenter of one void 3 to the center of the other void 3 would be 3inches, while from the center of either of these voids to the edge ofthe block would be two and three fourths inches. From the center of thevoids 5 to the top or bottom of the block (in the position shown inFig. 1) would be two and three fourths inches. The width of the voids 3and 5 is one half inch and the round voids 4 are preferably one halfinch or slightly more in diameter. The thickness of the webs and shellsare one half to five eighths of an inch.

As the division of the block most frequently contemplated is first intothe sections, as shown in Fig. 3, the voids 3 are extended slightly (sayone sixteenth of one inch) beyond the plane common to the inside surfaceof the voids 2, thus thinning the top and bottom shell members 6 and 7as well as the transverse web members 8. This facilitates the divisionby breaking while the transverse length of the voids 5 is the same asuthe widthof the voids 2 so that the ver tical webs and shells 9 maydevelop their full strength as this is. the position in which the blockis normally placed in heavy loadbearing walls.

The most convenient theme of formulation for single block dimensions isas follows, reference being had to Fig. 1. The unit of measure may betaken as represented by the distance from center to center of adjacentnarrow voids 3. This in the dimensions given is three inches. Theformula. for determining a rectilinear dimension is this unit multipliedby the number of large voids minus the width of one narrow void.

Applying this formula to the shorter reetiliuear dimension of the block,we have two the number of large voids) times 3 inches minus one-half aninch (width of small void) equals five and one-half inches. Similarlythe larger dimension of the section shown in Flg. 1 is determined to be3 x 3" or 8 In length the composite block shown consists of four of suchunits minus one mortar joint thickness, 4 x 3 or 11%.

To express the scheme of construction wlth reference to a load bearingwall built up of a number of these blocks, a more convenient expressionof the system is to use as a unit the actual physical block asrepresented by the section A in Fig. 4, neglecting, of course, theportions ofthe connecting webs and shells which are shown by reason ofthis section A being broken from a composite block. The end facedimensions of this physical cube are 2 and 2 Thus to illustrate by Figs.6, 12, 14 or 18, for example, the transverse dimension of the wallshown, represents a multiple of the dimension of this cube (2 plus amortar joint thickness for each divisible group of the elements presentin the wall. In other words, the wall shown is four times the unit 2that is 10" plus a mortar joint thickness for each divisible cluster,there being only one block which is divisible, this having three suchclusters. Thus the width of the wall is 4 x 2 plus 3 x or 11 A block ofthe dimensions given will resist crushing strains equivalent to orgreater than the mortarbed; i. e. if with a full width mortar bed on thetop of another block, the blocks are crushed to the breaking point themortar'will' be the first to yield.

This is obviously true since a larger percentage of the mortar strengthof the solid masonry is required to support the weight of the blocksthemselves irrespective of the weight of other parts of the building. A

block so voided is about 60% or slightly more of the clay of a solidblock of the same dimensions. It is therefore correspondingly lighter inweight, and a wall built of such blocks being substantially 40% lighterthan solid masonry and yet as strong as the mortar of the solid masonrywall, is

fapable of carrying correspondingly greater oads.

The use of our block in the construction of variouskinds of masonry isexceedingly simple and requires no instruction beyond the usual diagramsor blue prints furnished to a mason. A few of the possible.constructions of load bearing walls are illustrated in the drawingswhich will now be referred to by individual figures.

The blocks of course, are capable of being built into walls of athickness of three, six, nine, twelve, etc., inches to any thicknessdesired, and may be used either in what is known as horizontalconstruction, i. e. wIth the voids running horizontally through thecourses or with the voids standing in vertical position through the mainbody of the wall. Of course, the dimensions given herein are merely byway of illustration to correspond to dimensions to which architects,contractors and brick masons are accustomed.

In Fig. 5 is shown a load bearing wall construction illustratingpilaster, corner, jamb, chimney and end wall construction all forming aload bearing structure and having the universal characteristics of aneven horizontal mortar bed. In laying such a wall, the body of the wallis made of courses M, N, O, P, etc. Where the unit blocks 1 are laid inrunning bond relationship on the side, each course is six inches or twoelements plus a mortar bed in height The corners are completed by unitsB of one half the normal length of the blocks stood on end thus closingthe longitudinal voids and bonded in position by reason of overlappingblocks 1 in the courses above and below. At these corners, these websand shells of the blocks B align with the webs and shells oi the blocksD and the blocks 1 above and below. The end wall construction at theright of this figure may be completed by full unit sections of one halflength as at 1 placed in vertical position for one course. To accomplishthe bonding for the'horizontal blocks 1, the next course is closed by a.section D of one half length with the webs and shells standing invertical alignment with the outer half of the websl above and below. Theinner half of the webs 1 having webs and shells namely 9, overlappingthe webs and shells 9 of theblocks above and below.

The pilaster construction may be built into the Wall Without disturbingthe load carrying alignment and at the same time maintaining a bond bythe simple expedient of placing in one course, two blocks 1 in verticalposition opposite a section C in the same course; all being separated bythe usual mortar joints, the section C being of full length so thatblocks 1 in the course above and below, namely P and N will overlap theblocks C and the blocks A in bonding relationship, while the block 1 inturn,

may bond the pilaster block of the intermediate course in position. Forthe courses N and I, sections B of one half length are placed invertical position whilesection G of one half length may be placed on theside or in vertical position as the section C of one half length issubstantially a cube.

This pilaster.construction based on the dimension given, would be sixinches thick, i. e. outwardly from the face of the wall, and twelveinches wide, i. e. across the face.

A very effective fireproof chim'neybuilt into the wall and maintainingthe bond and load carrying relationship is also illustrated in thisfigure. 20 illustrates a chimney flue having outside dimensionsapproximately nine by twelve inches. Referring for convenience, first tothe course 0, the section B of full length extends across the outer sideof the chimney flue completing the wall facing for that course; whileshort lengths of the blocks 1 are fitted into position to maintain thebond relationship. The inside of the line may be built around by usinga. full section B and two one-half sections B stood vertically acrossthe ends of the section B and extending to the inner face of the wall ateach side of the flue. For the course above, two one half sections D mayoverlap the B sections below and short length (nine inch) sections B. beused across the sides of the flue; the outer face of the wall beingcompleted by sections D or short length sections B.

Examination of this construction will show that all of the blocks arebonded into position so that the bond of the wall construction is notdisturbed and every-block has its webs and-shells in vertical alignmentwith the webs and shells above and below.

For a satisfactory window construction, I refer first to the windowjambs which as shown in Fig. 5 may be formed by one half length sectionsB standing on end and placed in position to close the ends of theadjacent block 1 in the course 0 while in the adjacent course the block1 may be used in vertical position; the outside face of the wallbeingcompleted at the jamb by two sections B illustrated in brokenlines). Various similar arrangements which may be used for window jambconstruction will be later described in connection with Figs. 6, 7 and8. At 30, is shown a window casing fitted to such a jamb. Ell indicatesthe glass carried thereby in the usual manner. I

Bridging the window openings is a lintel construction similar to thelintel construction of Frederick Heath one of the present inventors, andas shown described and claimed in Patent No. 1,21%,328 granted Oct. 23,1917. This lintel is hereinafter described in detail as made of thistype of block.

Referring next to Fig. 6, I have shown a wall construction having all ofthe load Similar sections D may bearing characteristics of window, jamb,pilaster, corner, chimneyand end wall construction adapted to a wall ofthe next degree greater thickness based on the exemplary dimension oftwelve inches in thickness. Here, the upper course P, is shown as madeup of blocks 1 and sections B in bonding relationship with the voidsrunning horizon tally as before. In the course below designated by O,the full size blocks 1 are on the inner side of the wall, while thesections B are on the outer side of the wall, thus for the alternatecourses a transverse bond is provided. The corner construction iscompleted as before with the use of one half sections D.

The end wall construction is substantially as before except thatone-half sections -D may complete each course, by placing a sectionopposite the end of the block 1 transversely, while the other sections Dare laid longitudinally in line with sections D, thus closing thosevoids and bonding with the blocks 1 above and below as well as with theblocks 1) at the extreme corner.

'lhe chimney flue construction is similar to that described inconnection with Fig. 5; the fine 20 being approximately nine by twelveas before. It is set in from the outside of the wall by the thickness ofthe units B. The facing across the inside is completed by two sections Dof one half length set vertically as in the course 0. In the nextcourses N and P, the block B extends across the flue, while two one halflength blocks B set vertically bond the blocks D in position and therunning bond of the blocks B of the courses P and N need not bedisturbed, if two single elements A are ,set on end in the positionshown in the course P.

The pilaster construction is identical with that of Fig. 5. i i

The jamb construction is simple. As shown, we use sect-ions D across theends of the blocks 1 and in line with the longitudi nal blocks D.Sections A are placed between the running bonds D and B. For the coulseN, blocks D are arranged in alignment' with the blocks B on the insideof the wall and also across the ends of the blocksl as shown in dottedlines. The vertical jamb is completed by a single section A.

The lintel construction indicated at L is similar to that previouslydescribed except being made of a width to correspond to the main body ofthe wall and of a length to overlap the bond in the courses in which itis set.

Referring to Fig. 7, we have a construction of a five unit thickness, i.e., a thickness through the main body of the wall of the width of theunit 1 on its side and a section C plus a mortar joint. In accordancewith the dimensions giving this comprises a. 15

- element.

sesame inch wall. Here, the corners are preferably completed for thesake of maintamln bonding relationship by one-half length ull sections 1set vertically in one course as at a O and in line with the horizontallylaid sections on the outer side of the wall. In the course above,section 1' is at right an gles to the course below closlngthe ends oflongitudinal sections B extendin across two unit widths of the block 1.0 complete this construction, a single element A is placed in positionas shown. It will be noted that the course I comprises a middle sectionof full length and partial length blocks 1 and at either side thereof,are blocks .13 whereby the transverse bond is maintained. The end wallconstruction may consist in one course as at O of vertically setsections or a short section of the block B may be used as shown in thecourse P Here, it is preferable to make a slightly diti'erent chimneyarrangement. Two square fines 21 arran ed side b side are set six inchesinwardly from t 1e outside of the wall, whereby the blocks C need not bedisturbed, as in the course 0. In the course P above, other blockslength or one-half lengt B may be used. In the course P on the innerside thereof are 30 also full and one-half length blocks B, laidhorizontally and bonded into position by one-half length blocks B asshown. In the course below, the chimney flues come 0p-posite the blocks1 and the inner side of the 35 wall may be faced by full length blocks Band two one-half length blocks B set vertically as shown. Again thepilaster construction is the same as reviously described.

The window jam construction in tlns type of wall (Fig. 7) may be evenmore conveniently completed than as previously illustrated. The windowcasing 30 serving to close the voids of the course 0, while in line withthe block C is a one-halt len h block 1 set vertically. In the courseelow, as at N, the block G extends up to the window opening while thejamb is completed by the block B set vertically.

Referring toFig. 8, We have shown a oonstruction of six unit thickness,that is the main body of the wall is equivalent to the thickness of thetwo full units making in effect an eighteen inch Wall. Here the cornersare preferably completed with blocks 1 set vertically at a position toestablish proper bonding relation, as in the course P for example. Ashort section l may be used comprising a full cross section of the blockof a length equivalent to the width of one This course is essentiallycomprised of two courses of the blocksl in 011'- set bonding relationlaterally through the wall, that 1s, with the joints broken transverselyof the wall. The end construction 55 may be completed with a member Dset verpreferably of full tically o posite one series of the blocks 1closing tie end thereof and the other series is completed by a block 1set vertically for the course aboveor below as at M. A

block 1" is set in alignment with the course of blocks C closing the endthereof and extending to the end of a wall. A block 1 may stand oppositethe inner course of blocks 1 while the wall is completed in this courseby blocks B, and a single element A set on end completes the endconstruction of the course.

The chimney construction for this thickness of wall is similar to thatdescribed in connection with Fig. 7 except that to carry out the bondingidea it is desirable to use a block 1 in alternate courses, as in courseM, opposite the two flue linings 21 and fill the square spaces thus leftat either end of the block 1 by elements as at A. The pilastorconstruct-ion is the same as heretofore described. The window jtlllllbconstruction lllustrated is wider than those heretofore described andmay be completed by the use of blocks B set vertically for a givencourse, as N, while for the course above and below these blocks arebonded in by using blocks 1 Referring now to the construction shown 1nFigs. 9, 10 and 11, We here illustrate other sizes or forms ofpilasters. In Fig. 9 is a pilaster' of the same depth from the face ofthe wall inwardly as'those previously described in connection with thewalls of Figs. 5 to 8 inclusive, but of a greater width.

Referring first to the upper or raised course, blocks 1 and section 0are turned transversely to the wall extending outwardly the width of oneunit and the additional unit width is made by elements A and shortlength blocks B. For. the courses above and below two half blocks G areplaced vertically and separated by a half length B, the blocks 0 and Bthereby bond the blocks A and B of the course above and below while theblocks 1 and C in turn bond the blocks and B into the wall.

Referring to Fig. 10 a similar pilaster of the next srze greater widthis shown. This maybe conveniently constructed by the use of three blocksC turned transversely of the wall 1n the main course and closed by twoblocks D set vertically while for the course .below a section C may belaid longitudinally o f'the course and its ends closed by short sectionB set vertically. Here again it will be noted that the blocks D arebonded by the blocks O and B while the whole is bonded by the block's O.

In Fig. 11 is shown a pilaster of-seven element width which may beconveniently constructed by using in one course two full size blocks 1and a full length section B closed by blocks B and D while for thecourse above and below! blocks 1 are vertically separated by a halflength block B.

The bonding efl'cct is the same as heretofore described.

Figs. 12, 13 and 14 show still other uses of the pilaster constructionof varying widths bonded into walls of different thicknesses. In thesefigures the blocks are designated by like reference numerals asheretofore used and they constitute a further illustration of' theprinciple of universal completing of the horizontal mortar bed for eachcourse and the bonding as well as the vertical alignment of load bearingmembers.

Referring to Figs. 15, 16 and 17 we have illustrated a reinforcedpilaster construction having the effect of complete solid masonry forcarrying even greater loads and for eliminating any objection whichmight be made to the use of narrow support for mortar beds afforded bythe edges of the webs and shells when the blocks are vertical. Fig. 15for example is a wall of any given width with a pilaster of two elementdepth and four element width. In one course using blocks 1 and in thecourse below halt length blocks G and B. To afford in effect a flatsurface for receiving the mortar and to provide load bearing membersfrom substantially theentire surface of the mortar, I prO- viderectangular prism-like plugs 25 of a length equivalent to-the normalheight of the course and adapted to fit loosely into the openings 2 inthe elements, as illustrated in Fig. 15. The openings through whichmortar might fall are closed and the mortar may be spread evenly overthe entire surface, and for the course above these plugs as well as thewebs and shell align. Th effect upon the mortar bed and .the alignmentand plugs as well as the webs and shells is illustrated in Fig. 16 whichis in the nature of a cross section through the completed pilaster.

In Fig. 18 we have illustrated the use of our reinforcing by the useofmetal rods which is in accord and substantially like the 'patentitoFrederick Heath, No. 1,319,336,

granted Oct. 21, 1919. The purpose of illustration of Fig. 18 is to showthe adaptability of this reinforcement to the present form of wallconstruction. At 30 are indicated a series of vertical rods which maypass between the ends of certain blocks of one course and between thesides, that is through the longitudinal niortar joints of the'nextcourse, while at 31 are illustrated longitudinal rods passing along thelongitudinal mortar joints. These rods have asize such that they maypass each other without displacing the contiguous or adjacent blocks.

Figs. 19 to 22 illustrate the construct-ion of lintels of the blocks andelements of the present invention.

In Fig. 19 is a lintel of two element width having reinforcing rods 40extending through the openings 2 of the blocks, aligned as shown, andthese openings are thereafter filled with mortar, concrete or likematerial whereby the rods form tie members maintaining alignment andaffording tension members to resist the strain when this lintel acts asa support.

In Fig. 20 is a lintel of three element width and'three element. height,being made of blocks 1 and full length sections I) in alternaterelationship with the webs and voids in alignment and with at least.three rods 40 through the lower set of openings 2.

Fig. 21 shows in plan an arrangement of a lintel of four element widthusing four tie rods 40 and made of blocks 1 set on the side and offsetwith relation to full length blocks B.

Fig. 22 shows the progressive increasing of this latter form of lintelconstruction, being made up of blocks 1 ofl'set as shown and thealignment being completed by full length blocks C.

From the foregoing description, it will be seen that we accomplish in avery effective manner. the objects above set forth and have provided awall construction based on a block mathematically proportioned to bedivided into sections made up of equal size elements whereby thefollowing principles of load bearing hollow wall construction areaccomplished without exception throughout all parts of a wall, namely;even, horizontal courses, each course presenting a complete horizontalmortar bed throughout its length and breadth; complete effective runningbond; the bonding of all blocks into the. main wall structure at cornerjambs, pilasters, etc.; the universal longitudinal vertical wall oi thevoids, webs and shells whereby vertical load bearing members are continuous throughout the wall structure.

The capacity of our block for universal use in the wall greatlysimplifies specifying of material, for, as a matter of fact the completeblocks are shipped to the building. the only requirements of cutting, oradvantage of previous formation at the factory. being the provision ofsome half lengths. It will be noted that the completed wall offers noopen voids. it is never necessary to close voids with brick or mortar asis frequently the case with present hollow wall construction.

In other words, we have provided a single block capable of standing inany position in the wall without disturbing the characteristics aboveenumerated as desirable for a load bearing structure.

Having thus described our invention, we claim:

1. A hollow building tile of rectangular horizontal cross section, thesaid tile having a plurality of large voids defined by the outer wallsof said tile on two sides thereof tile may be divided into a pluralityof smaller tiles each having two of its sides formed of portions of saidwebs, said void acting to prevent fracture of the tile in any othermanner than that desired.

2. A hollow buildin wall structure made up principally of bloc s asdefined in claim 1 and having corner constructions,.end wall closuresand pilasters bonded into the wall and the ambs for wall openings, saidcorner constructions, end wall'closures, jambs and pilasters beingformed of divisible parts of the block, the blocks and divisions thereofbeing laid in even horizontal courses of the same height throu hout withthe'webs and shells of the wall blocks, the corner blocks, the jambblocks and pilaster blocks, each having at least four shell walls invertical alignment with the webs and shells of the, blocks above andbelow, each of said blocks in the corner, end wall, jamb and ilasterconstructions of the wall bein set in onded relation to the wall blocksan to each other by overlap ing the blocks and elements thereof to a ignthe large voids whereby a vertical alignment of the webs and shells isobtained throughout the entire wall.

3. A load bearing wall comprising hollow tile blocks having shells andpairs of cross webs forming a plurality of voids in each tile and thepairs of webs being formed to be relatively perpendicular, the webs ofeach pair being separated substantially the width of a motor jointwhereby the blocks may be divided between such webs into smaller tile,the dimensions of such blocks being based on cubes, and the blocks beingdivisible only into multiples of such cubes, some of the blocks beingset in the wall with their voids running horizontally and some withtheir voids running vertically, the vertical blocks in one courseoverlyin portions of the horizontal blocks in an a jacent course andex-' tending between the vertical blocks in upper and lower adjacentcourses for vertical bonding, and all the vertical webs of all theblocks which overlie being in true vertical ment irrespective of whichone of two adjacent walls of a block is placed parallel to the wall.

4. A hollow bearing wall embodying in its construction blocks ofrectangular horizontal cross-section presenting a pluralit of majorvoids defined by the outer wal s of the block and by pairs of websextending between the opposite outer walls of the block, said blocksbeing set in the wall construction in horizontal bonding relationshipwith horizontally extending pairs of webs thereof in alignment and eachblock of each course having vertically extending pairs of webs thereofin alignment with the vertically extending walls and webs of the blocksin the adjacent courses above and below.

5. A load bearing tile wall construction built up of tile having aplurality of rows of large voids extending in parallel relation, eachvoid being separated from an adjacent large void by a pair of webs, thewebs of each pair being separated by narrow voids corresponding in widthsubstantially to a mortar joint, all the rectilinear dimensions of eachblock being measured by multiples of a unit measure corresponding to thedis tance between the centers of adjacent narrow voids, minus the widthof one motor joint for any given block dimension, some of the blocksbeing of different sizes and all of the blocks being placed in the wallin vertical bonding relation and with the webs and voids of each coursearranged in true vertical alignment with corresponding webs and shellsof blocks in adjacent courses above and below irrespective of whetherthe voids extend vertically or horizontally.

6. A'hollow load bearing building block' consisting of composite hollowblocks set on horizontal mortar beds, the blocks comprising pairs ofdivisible elements formed in clusters, all such elements comprising ineffect a plurality of cubes, each cube having four walls the wallsforming the load bear-. ing webs and shells ofthe blocks, there beingnarrow intervening voids formed in the composite block intermediate theelements thereof equivalent in thickness to a mortar joint, thethickness of the load bearing wall and the height of the courses ofcomposite blocks being multiples of the dimension of said cube plus amortar joint thickness for each divisible group of elements present in agiven course, some of blocks and groups of elements thereof being set inthe wall with their voids extending horizontally and other of the blocksand elements thereof being set in the wall with their voids extendingvertically, there being a vertical alignment of all of t 1 ments thereofwith corresponding webs and shells of the blocks in the courses aboveand below, irrespective of the void extension relationship of adjacentblocks and elements thereof.

In testimony whereof, we hereunto afiix our signatures.

' FREDERICK HEATH.

FREDERICK T. HEATH.

e webs and shells of .the blocks and ele-

